{"id":207,"date":"2022-07-25T05:41:24","date_gmt":"2022-07-25T05:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/?p=207"},"modified":"2023-09-23T17:40:37","modified_gmt":"2023-09-23T17:40:37","slug":"uvaha-o-jedne-z-prekazek-demokracie-ve-skolnim-prostredi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/?p=207","title":{"rendered":"\u00davaha o jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek demokracie ve \u0161koln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"207\" class=\"elementor elementor-207\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a07922 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a07922\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4ff037\" data-id=\"b4ff037\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-090d5ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"090d5ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Slovn\u00edk spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho definuje demokracii jako \u201ezp\u016fsob veden\u00ed a pr\u00e1ce, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m je zaru\u010dena \u00fa\u010dast a vliv cel\u00e9ho kolektivu\u201c. Toto vymezen\u00ed je nepochybn\u011b platn\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e pro \u0161koln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e m\u00fdm c\u00edlem je zam\u011b\u0159it se na to, co vytvo\u0159en\u00ed demokracie v\u00a0tomto smyslu ve \u0161kole br\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f5dcb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f5dcb9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9feb2f1\" data-id=\"9feb2f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6ef51d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6ef51d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prvn\u00edm n\u00e1znakem problemati\u010dnosti demokracie ve \u0161kole je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u0159es v\u0161echny sociologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ukazatelem \u00fasp\u011bchu ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu majetek rodi\u010d\u016f. Helen Pearson <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/helen_pearson_lessons_from_the_longest_study_on_human_development?language=en#t-259559\">ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce dostupn\u00e9 na webu TED<\/a> cituje 70 let trvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a ukazuje skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se narod\u00ed do chudoby, m\u00e1 statisticky pramalou \u0161anci ve \u0161kole nebo v \u017eivot\u011b usp\u011bt. Anglick\u00e9 \u0161koly dokonce organizuj\u00ed syst\u00e9m studijn\u00ed podpory na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, kdo m\u00e1 n\u00e1rok na ob\u011bdy zdarma: je natolik pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee ten, kdo dos\u00e1hne na podporu v podob\u011b ob\u011bdu zdarma, bude pot\u0159ebovat tak\u00e9 studijn\u00ed podporu, \u017ee jsou na ni \u0161kole automaticky p\u0159i\u0159azeny prost\u0159edky.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d1871d\" data-id=\"6d1871d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa1f22f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aa1f22f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 05-08-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"713\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-335\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/IMG_2018-2000x1500.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13b598f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13b598f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a80d75f\" data-id=\"a80d75f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d576f9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d576f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vliv majetku rodi\u010d\u016f je patrn\u00fd n\u011bkdy p\u0159\u00edmo, p\u0159\u00edkladem mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed zkou\u0161ky na st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly, v nich\u017e maj\u00ed nespornou v\u00fdhodu ti \u017e\u00e1ci, jejich\u017e rodi\u010de jsou schopni a ochotni zaplatit p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9 kurzy a\/nebo individu\u00e1ln\u00ed dou\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeho v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad je ov\u0161em ten nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd. D\u00edt\u011b p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do \u0161koly ve v\u011bku, kdy je ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji nev\u00edce p\u0159ipraveno u\u010dit se dovednostem.\u00a0<\/p><p>To ov\u0161em neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by do \u0161koly p\u0159ich\u00e1zelo jako <em>tabula rasa<\/em>. V\u00fdvojov\u00e1 psychologie ukazuje, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b m\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u00e1stupu vypracovanou vlastn\u00ed identitu, schopnost p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let nebo fungovat v\u00a0kolektivu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ji\u017e absolvovalo 6 let vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed: form\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edho, nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho, kombinac\u00ed dvou v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch. Vlivy, kter\u00fdm bylo d\u00edt\u011b vystaveno p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e vstoupilo do \u0161koly, v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed jeho startovn\u00ed pozici ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. D\u011bti z\u00a0majetkov\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u011bji postaven\u00fdch rodin vykazuj\u00ed v\u00a0tomto ohledu v\u00fdhodu oproti sv\u00fdm chud\u0161\u00edm spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, proto\u017ee b\u00fdvaj\u00ed vystaveni bohat\u0161\u00edm vliv\u016fm, kter\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed jejich slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a pov\u011bdom\u00ed o okoln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. Na tomto z\u00e1kladu se majetkov\u011b zv\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00fdm d\u011btem snadn\u011bji stav\u00ed v\u011bdomosti a kompetence, kter\u00fdm u\u010d\u00ed \u0161kola. Naopak d\u00edt\u011b z\u00a0chud\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed mus\u00ed vynakl\u00e1dat velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed na to, aby v\u016fbec pochytilo instrukce a pochopilo jazyk, kter\u00fdm se \u0161kola \u0159\u00edd\u00ed: na pln\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00fdch instrukc\u00ed pak zb\u00fdv\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b kognitivn\u00ed kapacity. S\u00a0touto v\u00fdchoz\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou m\u00e1 takov\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b men\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci usp\u011bt a do pohybu se tak d\u00e1v\u00e1 bludn\u00fd kruh, kter\u00fd d\u00edt\u011b prov\u00e1z\u00ed po zbytek form\u00e1ln\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 proto\u017ee d\u00edt\u011b postupuje syst\u00e9mem s\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdm hendikepem, nem\u016f\u017ee si za\u017e\u00edt \u00fasp\u011bch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e ztr\u00e1c\u00ed motivaci do dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce a v\u00a0n\u00ed je op\u011bt odsouzen\u00e9 k ne\u00fasp\u011bchu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d85b6c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d85b6c3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a82b954\" data-id=\"a82b954\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09dd063 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"09dd063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c45cbb6\" data-id=\"c45cbb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc18f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cc18f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Prvn\u00edm n\u00e1znakem problemati\u010dnosti demokracie ve \u0161kole je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u0159es v\u0161echny sociologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ukazatelem \u00fasp\u011bchu ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu majetek rodi\u010d\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e305391\" data-id=\"e305391\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e11c4db elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"e11c4db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13760b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13760b0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a721482\" data-id=\"a721482\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8e2d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8e2d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>RVP jako\u017eto z\u00e1vazn\u00fd dokument pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed popisuje povinn\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy. Tyto kompeten\u010dn\u011b formulovan\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed c\u00edle vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Jde pr\u00e1v\u011b o <em>c\u00edle<\/em>, tedy o to, co m\u00e1 b\u00fdt v\u00fdsledkem na konci vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho procesu. Daisy Christodoulov\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 knize o m\u00fdtech ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed upozor\u0148uje na to, \u017ee \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148ujeme v\u00fdsledek \u010di c\u00edl vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0prost\u0159edky vedouc\u00edmi k\u00a0tomuto c\u00edli:<\/p><p><em>They argue, correctly, that the aim of schooling should be for pupils to be able to work, learn and solve problems independently. But they then assume, incorrectly, that the best method for achieving such independence is always to learn independently <\/em>(Christodoulou 2014: 36).<\/p><p>Pokud m\u00e1me d\u011bti dov\u00e9st ke kompetenc\u00edm popsan\u00fdm v\u00a0R\u00e1mcov\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm programu, je pot\u0159eba za\u010d\u00edt u uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee cesta a c\u00edl se li\u0161\u00ed. To, \u010demu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, kompetence (v\u010detn\u011b kompetenc\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch), je ve skute\u010dnosti ohromn\u00e9 t\u011bleso fakt\u016f: \u201eskills are the functions of large bodies of knowledge that have been securely comitted to memory\u201c (tamt\u00e9\u017e: 21).<\/p><p>Tuto skute\u010dnost dob\u0159e ilustruje anekdotick\u00e1 rodinn\u00e1 historka, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e m\u016fj tehdy sedmn\u00e1ctilet\u00fd synovec ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee m\u00e1 hlad, a v\u00a0reakci na to mu bylo \u0159e\u010deno, aby si ud\u011blal sendvi\u010d. Synovec st\u00e1l v\u00a0kuchyni a rozhl\u00ed\u017eel se nev\u011bda, co si po\u010d\u00edt: pot\u0159ebnou kompetenc\u00ed nedisponoval. Dovednost ud\u011blat si sendvi\u010d sest\u00e1vala z\u00a0n\u011bkolika kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch v\u011bdomost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u2013 jako\u017eto n\u011bkdo, o koho se od d\u011btstv\u00ed starala matka \u2013 postr\u00e1dal: kde v\u00a0kuchyni najdu chleba, jak ho nakr\u00e1j\u00edm, kde jsou no\u017ee, co v\u0161echno pat\u0159\u00ed na sendvi\u010d, kde najdu s\u00fdr, kter\u00fd s\u00fdr mohu pou\u017e\u00edt. Jeho zamrzl\u00fd postoj v\u00a0kuchyni vykazoval zn\u00e1mky kognitivn\u00edho p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu se jako\u017eto u\u010ditel\u00e9 mus\u00edme sna\u017eit ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b vyhnout:<\/p><p><em>V\u00a0ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b si velkou pozornost z\u00edskala teorie kognitivn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee (<\/em>cognitive load theory<em> \u2013 CLT) Johna Swellera. Dylan William dokonce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee je to <strong>\u201ejedin\u00e1 a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc\u201c<\/strong>, kterou by m\u011bli u\u010ditel\u00e9 zn\u00e1t. Podle t\u00e9to teorie je mno\u017estv\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edho \u00fasil\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ke spln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f kone\u010dn\u00e9 a u\u010ditel\u00e9 by m\u011bli pl\u00e1novat hodiny tak, aby nep\u0159et\u011b\u017eovali pracovn\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 \u017e\u00e1k\u016f <\/em>(Hendrick, Macpherson 2019: 122).<\/p><p>Postav\u00edme-li hodiny na komplexn\u00edch aktivit\u00e1ch z\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f Bloomovy taxonomie bez p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u016fpravy, hroz\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161i \u017e\u00e1ci ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b zamrznou pr\u00e1v\u011b tak jako m\u016fj synovec u p\u0159\u00edpravy sendvi\u010de. Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b synovce vedlo zamrznut\u00ed ke vzniku anekdotick\u00e9 historky, u \u017e\u00e1k\u016f ze znev\u00fdhodn\u011bn\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed je v\u00fdsledkem onoho zamrznut\u00ed opakovan\u00e9 za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed si ne\u00fasp\u011bchu, kter\u00e9 vede k\u00a0rezignaci na u\u010den\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed obran\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, jako jsou bojkot nebo poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00e1zn\u011b. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed odstavce d\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tipy pro to, aby k\u00a0tomuto kognitivn\u00edmu p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a opakovan\u00e9mu ne\u00fasp\u011bchu nedoch\u00e1zelo.<\/p><p>P\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9m pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed je pot\u0159eba m\u00edt v\u00a0patrnosti c\u00edl. Ten poskytuje R\u00e1mcov\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed program. Druh\u00fdm krokem je nadefinov\u00e1n\u00ed si jednotliv\u00fdch krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedou k\u00a0tomuto c\u00edli. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, je t\u0159eba si p\u0159esn\u011b rozvrhnout, kter\u00e9 dovednosti a v\u011bdomosti mus\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k ovl\u00e1dat, aby zvl\u00e1dl danou kompetenci. Hloubka, do kter\u00e9 ono rozkr\u016f\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed sestupuje, mus\u00ed vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0toho, co d\u011bti um\u00ed, nikoliv z\u00a0toho, co by um\u011bt\u00a0<em>m\u011bly<\/em>. Pokud d\u00edt\u011b nem\u00e1 znalosti nebo neovl\u00e1d\u00e1 dovednosti pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro nadstavbu, onu nadstavbu nezvl\u00e1dne: nelze u\u010dit podm\u011bt a p\u0159\u00edsudek, kdy\u017e d\u011bti nev\u00ed, co je sloveso. P\u0159ed postupem k\u00a0nadstavb\u011b si u\u010ditel mus\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee d\u011bti um\u00ed a maj\u00ed zautomatizovan\u00e9 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 znalosti a dovednosti. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloze p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1m rozkr\u016f\u010dkovanou mapu u\u010debn\u00edho pokroku k\u00a0ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed jednoho z\u00a0v\u00fdstup\u016f RVP pro \u010desk\u00fd jazyk: \u017e\u00e1ci v\u00a0n\u011bm maj\u00ed ovl\u00e1dat \u201esyntaktick\u00fd pravopis\u201c (srov. \u010cJL-9-2-07). My\u0161lenkov\u00e1 mapa n\u00ed\u017ee ukazuje, co v\u0161echno mus\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b v\u011bd\u011bt a um\u011bt, aby mohlo ps\u00e1t v\u00a0textu spr\u00e1vn\u011b \u010d\u00e1rky. Jednotliv\u00e9 kroky pak tvo\u0159\u00ed c\u00edle hodin nebo u\u010debn\u00edch blok\u016f. P\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed sylabu i hodiny se tedy postupuje \u201eodzadu\u201c: nejprve je definov\u00e1n dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdsledek, ten je rozvr\u017een do men\u0161\u00edch jednotek a z\u00a0nich vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed c\u00edle pro jednotliv\u00e9 hodiny. C\u00edl hodiny pak ur\u010duje jej\u00ed podobu a n\u00e1pl\u0148.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dec601e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dec601e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22fe664\" data-id=\"22fe664\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59ac823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59ac823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"389\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax-1024x419.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-209\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax-1024x419.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax-768x314.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax-1536x628.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/syntax.jpg 1836w\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ee1e44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ee1e44\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8be02f2\" data-id=\"8be02f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0132157 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0132157\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">U\u010den\u00ed je zm\u011bnou v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9 pam\u011bti. Pam\u011b\u0165 je zase poz\u016fstatkem po p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed. Na\u0161i \u017e\u00e1ci si tedy pamatuj\u00ed to, na co b\u011bhem hodiny mysl\u00ed. To je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd faktor p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed hodiny. S\u00a0ka\u017edou aktivitou se p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b mus\u00edm pt\u00e1t, nad \u010d\u00edm budou \u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159i jej\u00edm vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let. Pokud se to, nad \u010d\u00edm \u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed, nepropojuje s\u00a0c\u00edlem, aktivitu neza\u0159azuji, ale vol\u00edm jinou.<\/span><\/p><p>Jako p\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed student\u016f v\u00a0hodin\u011b lze pou\u017e\u00edt hodinu chemie, kterou popisuje Robert \u010capek:<\/p><p><em>U\u010ditel chce zadat zaj\u00edmavou pr\u00e1ci \u2013 skupiny maj\u00ed zpracovat n\u00e1vrh tituln\u00ed ob\u00e1lky \u010dasopisu o chemii pro \u017e\u00e1ky z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol. V\u0161ichni jsou nyn\u00ed v\u00a0roli grafik\u016f a ka\u017ed\u00e1 skupina je grafick\u00e9 studio. Skupiny se d\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pr\u00e1ce, vym\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed titul <\/em><em>(\u201eMal\u00fd chemik\u201c, \u201eZ\u00e1bavn\u00e1 chemie\u201c), umis\u0165uj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 titulky (\u201eJak vyrobit kyselinu s\u00edrovou\u201c, \u201eElix\u00edr l\u00e1sky\u201c) a kresl\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy fotografi\u00ed <\/em>(\u010capek 2019: 38).<\/p><p>P\u0159i popsan\u00e9 aktivit\u011b budou nejsp\u00ed\u0161 \u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nad t\u00edm, jakou vyberou barvu, jak nakresl\u00ed obr\u00e1zek, jak vymysl\u00ed vtipn\u00fd text, ale bude tu velice m\u00e1lo uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nad chemi\u00ed. Neznamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee hodinu nelze za\u0159adit, jen je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v\u00a0potaz, \u017ee z\u00a0hlediska zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pozornosti se v\u00a0n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci z\u00a0chemie nau\u010d\u00ed velice m\u00e1lo a jej\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fd c\u00edl je jinde ne\u017e v\u00a0oborov\u00e9 oblasti. Z\u00a0hlediska u\u010den\u00ed jde sp\u00ed\u0161e o hodinu v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy ne\u017e chemie (studenti jsou ostatn\u011b \u201ev roli grafik\u016f\u201c). Je-li c\u00edlem shrnout u\u010divo z\u00a0chemie, hodina nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 efektivn\u00ed, co\u017e je vid\u011bt i z\u00a0v\u00fdstup\u016f \u017e\u00e1k\u016f: n\u00e1zvy a titulky neukazuj\u00ed na znalost t\u00e9matu, jde o n\u00e1zvy, kter\u00e9 vymysl\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k bez p\u0159\u00edtomnosti na jedin\u00e9 hodin\u011b chemie. P\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b hodiny je tedy zapot\u0159eb\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, nad \u010d\u00edm budou \u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159i dan\u00e9 aktivit\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let a jak to vede k\u00a0napln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edle.<\/p><p>Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v rozsahu t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce podrobn\u011b pojednat jednotliv\u00e9 mo\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob hodin. Prim\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem eseje bylo upozornit na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee nedostatek fakt\u016f a v\u011bdomost\u00ed znemo\u017e\u0148uje demokratick\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zalo\u017eeno na rovn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech. Pokud se m\u00e1me zasazovat o demokrati\u010dnost \u0161kolstv\u00ed, je pot\u0159eba vyrovn\u00e1vat rozd\u00edly, nikoliv je prohlubovat. Uveden\u00e9 dva principy: vych\u00e1zen\u00ed z rozkrokovan\u00fdch a z fakt\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f a pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed hodin na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, na co se budou \u017e\u00e1ci v hodin\u011b soust\u0159edit, nad \u010d\u00edm budou p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let, poskytuje v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod pro mo\u017enost vyrovn\u00e1vat tyto rozd\u00edly v ka\u017ed\u00e9 hodin\u011b. V dob\u011b, kdy \u201eje mo\u017en\u00e9 si v\u0161echno vygooglit\u201c a kdy se na prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto stav\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1bava\u201c, se opom\u00edj\u00ed jak d\u016fle\u017eitost znalost\u00ed, tak pot\u0159eba pl\u00e1novat hodiny podle toho, co se d\u011bti u\u010d\u00ed, a ne, zda jsou lekce z\u00e1bavn\u00e9. Jednu z mo\u017en\u00fdch metodik pr\u00e1ce zohled\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed tato v\u00fdchodiska poskytuje explicitn\u00ed didaktika, kterou na webu Otev\u0159ena popisuje Pavel Bobek; obdobn\u00fd popis nab\u00edz\u00ed ned\u00e1vno vydan\u00e1 Responzivn\u00ed v\u00fduka. Oba tituly uv\u00e1d\u00edm v doporu\u010den\u00e9 literatu\u0159e.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a1b936 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a1b936\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca51170\" data-id=\"ca51170\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dac63f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dac63f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Esej byla psan\u00e1 jako z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na kurz demokratick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed: Jak u\u010dit v tomto sv\u011bt\u011b a nevyho\u0159et.<\/em><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e1\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;\">literatura:<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>\u010capek, Robert. L\u00edn\u00fd u\u010ditel: Jak u\u010dit dob\u0159e a efektivn\u011b. Praha: Raabe 2019.<\/p><p>Christodoulou, Daisy. Seven Myths about Education. Abingdon: Routledge 2014.<\/p><p>Hendrick, Carl, MacPherson, Robin eds. Co funguje ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b? Most mezi v\u00fdzkumem a prax\u00ed. Praha: Euromedia Group 2019.<\/p><p>Pearson, Helen. Lessons from the longest study on human development. Dostupn\u00e9 z webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/helen_pearson_lessons_from_the_longest_study_on_human_development?language=en#t-259559\">www.ted.com\/talks\/helen_pearson_lessons_from_the_longest_study_on_human_development?language=en#t-259559<\/a><\/p><p>Prokop, Daniel. Slep\u00e9 skvrny: O chudob\u011b, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, populismu a dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzv\u00e1ch \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Brno: Host 2020.<\/p><p>R\u00e1mcov\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed program pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Praha: M\u0160MT \u010cR 2021.<\/p><p>Willingham, Daniel. Why Don\u2019t Students Like School? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2009.<\/p><p><strong>Doporu\u010den\u00e1 literatura:<\/strong><\/p><p>Bobek, Pavel. Blog o explicitn\u00ed v\u00fduce na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce <a href=\"https:\/\/otevreno.org\/autor\/pavel-bobek\/page\/2\/\">https:\/\/otevreno.org\/autor\/pavel-bobek\/page\/2\/<\/a><\/p><p>Fletcher-Wood, Harry. Responzivn\u00ed v\u00fduka: Kognitivn\u00ed v\u011bdy a formativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed v\u00a0praxi. Praha: Euromedia Group 2021.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slovn\u00edk spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho definuje demokracii jako \u201ezp\u016fsob veden\u00ed a pr\u00e1ce, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m je zaru\u010dena \u00fa\u010dast a vliv cel\u00e9ho kolektivu\u201c. Toto vymezen\u00ed je nepochybn\u011b platn\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e pro \u0161koln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e m\u00fdm c\u00edlem je zam\u011b\u0159it se na to, co vytvo\u0159en\u00ed demokracie v\u00a0tomto smyslu ve \u0161kole br\u00e1n\u00ed. Prvn\u00edm n\u00e1znakem problemati\u010dnosti demokracie ve \u0161kole je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u0159es &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/?p=207\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8222;\u00davaha o jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek demokracie ve \u0161koln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed&#8220;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=207"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207\/revisions\/338"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cestinaexplicitne.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}